Getting Started: Work Permits

If you're under 18, most states require a work permit (also called an employment certificate) before you can legally start working. This isn't just red tape — it's designed to protect you and ensure your education remains the priority.

The work permit system exists because teen workers need additional legal protections. These permits help ensure that your job won't interfere with your education and that you're working in safe, age-appropriate environments.

What You'll Need

  • School approval: A signature from your school counselor or principal confirming you're maintaining adequate grades and attendance
  • Parent/guardian consent: Written permission from your parent or legal guardian acknowledging the work arrangement
  • Job offer: Some states require you to have a confirmed job offer before applying for the permit
  • Proof of age: Birth certificate, passport, or other official documentation verifying your age
  • Physical examination: Some states require a recent physical exam or health certificate

The process varies by state, but generally involves filling out forms available at your school's guidance office or your state's labor department website. Processing times can range from a few days to several weeks, so apply early.

Working Hours: Know Your Limits

Federal law under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) sets strict limits on when and how long teens can work. These aren't suggestions — they're legal requirements that protect your education and wellbeing.

These restrictions exist because research shows that excessive work hours can negatively impact academic performance, physical health, and overall development. Employers who violate these limits can face serious legal consequences.

During School Year (Ages 14-15)

  • Maximum 3 hours per school day (Monday through Friday)
  • Maximum 8 hours per non-school day (weekends and holidays)
  • Maximum 18 hours per school week
  • Maximum 40 hours per non-school week
  • Cannot work before 7 AM or after 7 PM (except 9 PM from June 1 through Labor Day)
  • Cannot work during school hours

During School Year (Ages 16-17)

  • No federal restrictions on hours worked per day or week
  • Cannot work during school hours
  • State laws may impose additional restrictions
  • Still prohibited from hazardous occupations

During Summer/School Breaks

  • Ages 14-15: Maximum 8 hours per day and 40 hours per week
  • Ages 16-17: No federal hour restrictions, but hazardous job restrictions still apply
  • Extended hours may be permitted: 7 AM to 9 PM during summer months

Your Paycheck: Wage Rights

You're entitled to minimum wage in your state — there's no "teen minimum wage" that's lower than the regular rate. Your employer must pay you for every hour worked, including training time, prep work, and cleanup.

Many teens don't realize they have the same wage rights as adult workers. Whether you're 14 or 17, you deserve fair compensation for your work. Understanding your paystub and knowing the signs of wage theft can help protect your earnings.

Understanding Your Paystub

Every paystub should clearly show the following information:

  • Pay period: The specific dates covered by this paycheck
  • Hours worked: Total hours worked during the pay period, including regular and overtime hours
  • Hourly rate: Your agreed-upon wage per hour
  • Gross pay: Total earnings before any deductions
  • Tax deductions: Federal income tax, state income tax, Social Security (FICA), and Medicare taxes
  • Other deductions: Uniforms, equipment, or other authorized deductions
  • Net pay: The actual amount you receive after all deductions

Keep all your paystubs! They're proof of your earnings and essential for filing taxes. If you notice discrepancies, address them immediately with your employer.

Common Wage Violations

Watch out for these illegal practices:

  • Being paid below minimum wage
  • Not being paid for all hours worked
  • Unpaid "training" time for regular job duties
  • Illegal deductions that bring you below minimum wage
  • Not receiving overtime pay when required

Jobs You Can and Cannot Do

The U.S. Department of Labor has identified certain jobs as too dangerous for workers under 18. These restrictions exist to protect you from serious injury or death, and they apply regardless of your experience or training.

Prohibited "Hazardous" Jobs Include:

  • Manufacturing and warehousing: Operating power-driven equipment like forklifts, conveyor belts, or hoisting apparatus
  • Food service restrictions: Operating meat slicers, grinders, choppers, or working in freezers and meat coolers
  • Construction and maintenance: Roofing, demolition, excavation, or working with power tools
  • Transportation: Driving motor vehicles, working as outside helpers on vehicles, or loading/unloading trucks
  • Chemical and manufacturing: Working with radioactive materials, explosives, or in manufacturing facilities
  • Service industry: Handling or serving alcoholic beverages in most states

Safe and Appropriate Jobs for Teens

  • Retail and customer service: Cashiering, sales assistance, inventory management, customer support
  • Food service: Taking orders, cooking (with some restrictions), serving customers, cleaning
  • Office and administrative: Data entry, filing, answering phones, basic computer work
  • Recreation and education: Camp counselor, lifeguarding (with certification), tutoring, childcare
  • Landscaping and maintenance: Lawn care, basic gardening, light cleaning (no power tools)